Structure and Bonding: 

• Describe the three main types of bonds: ionic bonds, covalent bonds and metallic bonds in terms of electrostatic forces and the transfer or sharing of electrons
• Describe how the ions produced by elements in some groups have the electronic structure of a noble gas and explain how the charge of an ion relates to its group number
• Describe the structure of ionic compounds, including the electrostatic forces of attraction, and represent ionic compounds using dot and cross diagrams
• Describe the limitations of using dot and cross, ball and stick, two and three-dimensional diagrams to represent a giant ionic structure
• Work out the empirical formula of an ionic compound from a given model or diagram that shows the ions in the structure
• Describe covalent bonds and identify different types of covalently bonded substances, such as small molecules, large molecules and substances with giant covalent structures
• Represent covalent bonds between small molecules, repeating units of polymers and parts of giant covalent structures using diagrams
• Draw dot and cross diagrams for the molecules of hydrogen, chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen chloride, water, ammonia and methane
• Deduce the molecular formula of a substance from a given model or diagram in these forms showing the atoms and bonds in the molecule
• Describe the arrangement of atoms and electrons in metallic bonds and draw diagrams the bonding in metals
• Name the three States of matter, identify them from a simple model and state which changes of state happen at melting and boiling points
• Explain changes of state using particle theory and describe factors that affect the melting and boiling point of a substance
• Discuss the limitations of particle theory
• Recall what (s), (l), (g) and (aq) mean when used in chemical equations and be able to use them appropriately
• Explain how the structure of ionic compounds affects their properties, including melting and boiling points and conduction of electricity
• Explain how the structure of small molecules affects their properties
• Explain how the structure of polymers affects their properties
• Explain how the structure of giant covalent structures affects their properties
• Explain how the structure of metals and alloys affects their properties, including explaining why they are good conductors
• Explain why alloys are harder than pure metals in terms of the layers of atoms
• Explain the properties of graphite, diamond and graphene in terms of their structure and bonding
• Describe the structure of fullerenes, and their uses, including Buckminsterfullerene and carbon nanotubes
• Describe how ionic compounds can conduct electricity when dissolved in water and describe these solutions as electrolytes
• Describe the process of electrolysis
• Describe the electrolysis of molten ionic compounds and predict the products at each electrode of the electrolysis of binary ionic compounds
• Describe the electrolysis of aqueous solutions and predict the products of the electrolysis of aqueous solutions containing single ionic compounds
• Required practical 3: investigate what happens when aqueous solutions are electrolysed using inert electrodes