- Use the terms 'eukaryotic' and 'prokaryotic' to describe types of cells
- Describe the features of bacterial (prokaryotic) cells
- Demonstrate an understanding of the scale and size of cells and be able to make order of magnitude calculations, inc standard form
- Recall the structures found in animal and plant (eukaryotic) cells
- Describe the functions of the structures in animal and plant (eukaryotic) cells
- Use estimations and explain when they should be used to judge the relative size or area of sub-cellular structures
- Required practical 1: use a light microscope to observe, draw and label a selection of plant and animal cells
- Describe what a specialised cell is, including examples for plants and animals
- Describe what differentiation is, including differences between animals and plants
- Define the terms magnification and resolution
- Compare electron and light microscopes in terms of their magnification and resolution
- Carry out calculations involving magnification using the formula: magnification = size of image/ size of real object -inc standard form
- Describe how genetic information is stored in the nucleus of a cell (inc genes & chromosomes)
- Describe the processes that happen during the cell cycle, including mitosis (inc recognise and describe where mitosis occurs)
- Describe stem cells, including sources of stem cells in plants and animals and their roles
- Describe the use of stem cells in the production of plant clones and therapeutic cloning
- Discuss the potential risks, benefits and issues with using stem cells in medical research/treatments (inc diabetes and paralysis)
- Describe the levels of organisation within living organisms
- Describe the structure of the human heart and lungs
- Explain how the heart moves blood around the body (inc role and position of the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery & vein and coronary arteries)
- Explain how the natural resting heart rate is controlled and how irregularities can be corrected
- Describe the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries
- Use simple compound measures such as rate and carry out rate calculations for blood flow
- Describe blood and identify its different components, inc identifying blood cells from photographs/diagrams
- Describe the functions of blood components, including adaptations to function
- Describe what happens in respiration including using a word equation and recognise the chemical formulas for carbon dioxide, water, oxygen & glucose
- Describe aerobic and anaerobic respiration with regard to the need for oxygen, the differing products and the relative amounts of energy transferred
- Recognise the equations for aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration in muscles and anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast cells.
- Recall what type of respiration fermentation is and its economic importance.
- Describe what happens to heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume during exercise and why these changes occur
- Explain what happens when muscles do not have enough oxygen and define the term oxygen dept
- Explain what happens to accumulated lactic acid in the body
- Explain the importance of sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol in the synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
- Explain what metabolism is, including examples
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