Chemical Reactions:

• Predict the salt produced in a neutralisation reaction based on the acid used and the positive ions in the base, alkali or carbonate and use the formulae of common ions to deduce the formulae of the salt
• Predict the salt produced in a neutralisation reaction based on the acid used and the positive ions in the base, alkali or carbonate and use the formulae of common ions to deduce the formulae of the salt
• Describe how soluble salts can be made from acids and how pure, dry samples of salts can be obtained
• Required practical 1: preparation of a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt from an insoluble oxide or carbonate using a Bunsen burner to heat dilute acid and a water bath or electric heater to evaporate the solution
• Recall what the pH scale measures and describe the scale used to identify acidic, neutral or alkaline solutions
• Define the terms acid and alkali in terms of production of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions (in solution), define the term base
• Describe the use of universal indicator to measure the approximate pH of a solution and use the pH scale to identify acidic or alkaline solutions
• Use and explain the terms dilute and concentrated (in terms of amount of substance) and weak and strong (in terms of the degree of ionisation) in relation to acids
• Explain how the concentration of an aqueous solution and the strength of an acid affects the pH of the solution and how pH is related to the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
• Describe how energy is transferred to or from the surroundings during a chemical reaction
• Explain exothermic and endothermic reactions on the basis of the temperature change of the surroundings and give examples of everyday uses
• Required practical 4: investigate the variables that affect temperature changes in reacting solutions
• Interpret and draw reaction profiles of exothermic and endothermic reactions, inc identifying the relative energies of reactants and products, activation energy and overall energy change